Heapjack and Overpatch — two OpenAI Codex sandbox escapes: Codex Desktop's JavaScript sandbox kept its trust token in the same V8 heap as untrusted code (read-only mode → host commands), and Codex CLI's apply_patch granted write access to the parent directory of any path in a patch (workspace-write → ~/.zshrc); fixed 0.149.0 / build 26.818.21641, no CVE, no advisory for the September escapes; 2026-11-07 update adds CVE-2026-110930 for Windows

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TL;DR

Accomplish AI (Oren Yomtov — the researcher behind the Docker Sandboxes and Claude Cowork escapes) published on 2026-09-15 two ways out of the OpenAI Codex sandbox, both reported 2026-08-12 and both fixed by 2026-08-20. Overpatch (Codex CLI): the apply_patch tool derived write permission from the paths named in the patch — including their parent directories — so a patch that mentioned /tmp unlocked the whole filesystem, and a second entry through a symlink appended a line to $HOME/.zshrc that ran on the next terminal open, from inside workspace-write mode. Heapjack (Codex Desktop): the node_repl JavaScript sandbox told trusted and untrusted code apart with a token that lived in the same V8 heap as the untrusted code; a heap snapshot recovered it, and forged requests to the native parent process ran unsandboxed commands — in the strictest read-only mode, triggered by having Codex analyse a malicious repository. Fixed in Codex CLI 0.149.0 (npm 2026-08-20; release note: "Prevent apply_patch from widening write permissions") and Codex Desktop build 26.818.21641. No CVE, no entry on Codex's advisory tab (still 2025-09-19), no bounty stated; BleepingComputer covered it on 2026-09-20. Yomtov's one-line diagnosis: "The thing doing the enforcement was sitting inside the thing being enforced."

What happened

Overpatch — Codex CLI (@openai/codex < 0.149.0). Codex's apply_patch tool is how the model edits files. Per Accomplish, the tool "granted write permissions to parent directories of any specified paths": name a path in a patch and its parent directory became writable for that operation. A patch that referenced a file under /tmp therefore obtained write access to /, and a second patch entry that went through a symlink wrote to $HOME/.zshrc — "executing arbitrary commands on the next terminal session, even in restricted workspace-write mode." The sandbox mode a user chose was being widened by the content of the patch the model (or whatever poisoned the model) produced.

Heapjack — Codex Desktop (builds before 26.818.21641). Codex Desktop's node_repl component runs trusted and untrusted JavaScript in separate contexts, but in one Node process sharing one heap. The sandbox "relied on a token stored in shared V8 heap memory to distinguish trusted from untrusted code contexts." As BleepingComputer summarises Yomtov: "Both contexts live in one Node process and share one memory heap, so the token is just a string sitting in memory the untrusted side can read." Untrusted code took a heap snapshot, extracted the token, and forged requests to the native parent process — "gaining unsandboxed command execution." This "worked in the strictest read-only mode where writes supposedly weren't permitted," and the trigger was ordinary: Codex analysing a repository that carried the payload.

Disclosure and fix. Both flaws were reported to OpenAI on 2026-08-12 and "resolved both issues within eight days" (Accomplish; BleepingComputer). The Codex CLI fix shipped as 0.149.0, whose GitHub release (dated 20 Aug) lists "Prevent apply_patch from widening write permissions" among a run of hardening lines — "Reject symbolic links in memory workspaces," "Harden skill installation against unsafe symlinks," "Prevent Noise auth tokens from reaching child processes," "Drop capabilities from Linux sandbox processes," "Enforce filesystem permissions when loading AGENTS.md," "Harden Windows sandbox provisioning against reparse points," "Isolate IPC in Bubblewrap sandboxes." The npm registry's time field puts 0.149.0 at 2026-08-20T21:09 UTC. The Desktop fix is build 26.818.21641. Neither fix carries a CVE; the openai/codex security-advisories tab still shows a single 2025-09-19 entry, so — as with Plugin4Shell (fixed 0.146.0, release-note only) — the record of this fix is a release-note line and the researcher's blog. BleepingComputer (Ax Sharma, 2026-09-20) "reached out to OpenAI for comment prior to publishing"; no OpenAI statement is quoted, and no bounty is mentioned by either source.

Why this is the same story as the last three. This is the third sandbox this researcher has walked out of in three months, and the third with the same shape: Claude Cowork's SharedRoot (VM shares a root the guest can reach), Docker Sandboxes (host follows a guest's symlink), and now Codex — where the enforcement state (a permission set, a trust token) lived inside the thing being sandboxed. Combine it with the September Codex CVE batch tracked in GitSpawn (a repo's .git/config runs code before any prompt; a PowerShell --% parser bug lets a repo trigger file-writing git commands without approval) and the practical reading for Codex users is: a repository you open is input to the sandbox, and until 0.149.0 the sandbox's own boundary was one of the things that input could edit. @openai/codex pulled ~15.6 million downloads in the week to 2026-09-19, so the pre-fix population was large; the exposure window for anyone who did not update is 2026-08-12 → whenever they upgraded.

Am I affected?

# Codex CLI: anything below 0.149.0 is affected (Overpatch)
codex --version
npm ls -g @openai/codex 2>/dev/null | grep codex
# Registry's current release, for comparison
npm view @openai/codex version

# Codex Desktop: About / settings → build number. Anything before 26.818.21641 is affected (Heapjack).

# Did a session before the fix touch your shell startup? Unexpected trailing lines are the Overpatch signal.
tail -n 5 ~/.zshrc ~/.bashrc ~/.profile ~/.zprofile 2>/dev/null
ls -la ~/.zshrc ~/.bashrc 2>/dev/null   # modification time vs your last Codex run on an untrusted repo
# Symlinks inside a workspace that point at $HOME are the Overpatch ingredient
find . -maxdepth 3 -type l -lname "$HOME*" 2>/dev/null
  • Affected if: you ran Codex CLI < 0.149.0 or Codex Desktop < 26.818.21641 against a repository, PR, or package you did not author between the flaw's existence and your upgrade. Heapjack needed no writable mode at all — read-only was enough — so "I only used read-only mode on that repo" is not an exclusion.
  • Not affected if: you were on ≥ 0.149.0 / ≥ 26.818.21641 before opening untrusted content, or you only ever run Codex inside an outer boundary (a container or microVM with no host credentials) and treat that as the real sandbox.
  • No exploitation in the wild is reported by either source; there is no vendor advisory to check for IOCs.

If you are affected

  1. Update: npm i -g @openai/codex@latest (or the Desktop updater) — nothing below 0.149.0 / 26.818.21641 is safe against these two.
  2. If a pre-fix Codex session opened an untrusted repo, follow if-your-local-ai-agent-was-exploited.md: diff your shell startup files and ~/.config, look for new launch agents / cron entries, and rotate whatever a shell running as you could read — GitHub tokens, cloud keys, SSH keys, the OpenAI/Codex session itself (rotating-cloud-credentials.md).
  3. If Codex runs in CI or on shared hosts, treat those runners' secrets the same way; a .zshrc write is an interactive-host primitive, but the heap-token path gave direct command execution wherever Desktop ran.

Prevention

  • The agent's sandbox is a mitigation; put a boundary it cannot edit beneath it — a container or microVM with no host credentials mounted, per prevention/agent-sandboxing.md. Every escape in this file worked because the enforcement state lived inside the enforced process.
  • Keep AI coding tools on latest. This fix, Plugin4Shell's (0.146.0) and the GitSpawn CVEs were all shipped as release-note lines with no advisory; pinning an old Codex pins undisclosed holes.
  • Treat a repository you open as input, and run first contact in clone mode / read-only with the outer boundary on — prevention/package-vetting-checklist.md.
  • Watch the researcher's channel, not only the vendor's: Accomplish's three escapes (Claude Cowork, Docker Sandboxes, Codex) each appeared on its blog before any advisory or outlet.

Update — 2026-11-07: CVE-2026-110930, Codex Desktop for Windows ran attacker-supplied startup arguments from an Explorer "Open project in ChatGPT" path before sign-in (OpenAI CNA, 2026-11-05)

OpenAI's CNA record CVE-2026-110930 (published 2026-11-05) says Codex Desktop for Windows "does not correctly check quotation marks in project paths from Windows Explorer. If a user selects 'Open project in ChatGPT' for an attacker-controlled library's child item, the path can add application startup arguments. These arguments can run attacker-controlled code with the current Windows user's permissions before sign-in or project trust approval." Affected and fixed: the direct download line 26.820.60940 affected, 26.1007.21434 unaffected; the Microsoft Store (MSIX) line 26.820.7780.0 affected, 26.1007.2314.0 unaffected. The record carries no CVSS; the GitHub Advisory Database row GHSA-f2g3-r2rh-7h5f (unreviewed, 2026-11-05, CWE-88) prints High 8.0 with AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H, which this file records as the database's reading of a network-reachable library item, with the record's own text, a local Explorer action, as the mechanism. The record's single reference, openai.com/security/advisories/cve-2026-110930/, returned HTTP 403 to every route this sweep has and has no Wayback snapshot, so the record is the only text read.

This is the fifth Codex Desktop CVE of the autumn after the four Git-metadata ones of 2026-09-01 (CVE-2026-19590, CVE-2026-19591, CVE-2026-19592, CVE-2026-19593) in the git-config cluster; the Heapjack escape above has no CVE. It is the first that runs before the trust prompt: a Windows library (a virtual folder that can include network locations) is the carrier, the context-menu entry is the trigger, and the user has not yet approved the project. Action on Windows: Codex Desktop at or above 26.1007.21434 (direct) or 26.1007.2314.0 (Store); winget list OpenAI.Codex or the Store's library page shows the build. The openai/codex advisory tab still lists one 2025 advisory and nothing for this or the September records.

Sources